Overview
R-CTS4528 is a major branch under R-Z2103 and appears strongly in the Bronze Age Balkans and in later populations of western Anatolia. It represents a continuation of steppe derived male ancestry into southeastern Europe and regions influenced by Indo European speaking groups. This lineage is relevant for understanding demographic shifts related to Bronze Age population turnovers in the Balkans.
Geographic distribution
Found in the Balkans, western Anatolia, the Caucasus and parts of central and eastern Europe.
Ancient DNA
- Bronze Age Balkan samples carrying CTS4528 derived haplotypes
- Steppe influenced Anatolian individuals showing related branches
Phylogeny & subclades
R-CTS4528 is a deep branch under Z2103 and includes multiple Balkan centered sublineages.
Notes & context
The lineage highlights interactions between steppe groups and local southeastern European populations.
References & external links