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Haplogroup N1a1a1a1

N1a1a1a1-Z1934

Macro-haplogroup

Parent clade

N1a1a1a

Formed (estimate)

c. 7,000–8,000 years before present

TMRCA (estimate)

c. 3,000–4,000 years ago

Z1934
Z1935
CTS10079

Overview

N1a1a1a1 (Z1934) is the major Finnish-centered branch of N1a1a1a and represents one of the strongest paternal founder expansions in northern Europe. It formed during the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age period and spread rapidly across the Finnish interior, correlating with developing Uralic-speaking cultural communities that practiced mixed subsistence strategies combining foraging, early cultivation and animal husbandry.

Geographic distribution

Extremely frequent in central and northern Finland, often surpassing 50–60% in some regions. Also widely present in Karelia, Ingria and among Karelian-heritage communities. Minor presence extends into Estonia and northern Sweden.

Ancient DNA

Medieval cemeteries in Finland show pronounced Z1934 lineages, matching modern distribution.
Pre-Iron Age Finnish sites yield upstream N1a1a1a markers consistent with early branching of Z1934.
Evidence from archaeological contexts suggests population expansions around the Subneolithic–Bronze Age transition.

Phylogeny & subclades

Z1934 subdivides into several Finnish regional branches, including N1a1a1a1a (southern Finland), N1a1a1a1b (Karelia-focused) and N1a1a1a1c (northern Finland and Lapland-influenced).

N1a1a1a1a
N1a1a1a1b
N1a1a1a1c

Notes & context