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Haplogroup N1a1a1a

N1a1a1a-L550

Macro-haplogroup

Parent clade

N1a1a1

Formed (estimate)

c. 9,000–10,000 years before present

TMRCA (estimate)

c. 5,500–7,000 years ago

L550
Z342
CTS2929
Z1934

Overview

N1a1a1a (L550) is the central Baltic–Finnic paternal lineage and one of the most defining branches of the Uralic expansion in northeastern Europe. It emerged in the mid-Holocene among hunter–fisher communities inhabiting the eastern Baltic and western Finnic regions. As Proto-Finnic societies took shape, N1a1a1a became the dominant paternal element, forming the genetic backbone of later Finnic-speaking populations.

Geographic distribution

Highest frequencies occur in Finland and Estonia. Strong representation in Karelia, coastal Sweden (Finnish-influenced regions), Ingria, northern Latvia and northwestern Russia. Smaller but historically meaningful occurrences appear among Veps, Votes and Saami groups with Finnic admixture.

Ancient DNA

Iron Age and early medieval burials in Finland and Estonia show heavy concentrations of L550-derived lineages, demonstrating continuity with modern Finnic populations.
Bronze Age genomes from the eastern Baltic region contain upstream signals ancestral to N1a1a1a.
Objects associated with textile-ceramic and comb–pit ware cultures correlate with the early expansion of L550-bearing groups.

Phylogeny & subclades

N1a1a1a branches into several regionally structured clades, including N1a1a1a1 (Finnish core), N1a1a1a2 (Estonian cluster) and minor Baltic–Russian microbranches.

N1a1a1a1
N1a1a1a2
N1a1a1a3

Notes & context