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Haplogroup N1

N1-F1206

Macro-haplogroup

Parent clade

Formed (estimate)

c. 18,000–22,000 years before present

TMRCA (estimate)

c. 12,000–15,000 years ago

F1206
CTS11499
P43

Overview

N1 represents the major living branch of haplogroup N and forms the paternal backbone of many Siberian, Uralic and northeastern European populations. The earliest expansions of N1 correspond to post-LGM recolonization of the Siberian taiga and the initial movements of Mesolithic forest hunter-gatherers toward the Ural Mountains and the European Arctic frontier. N1's structure reflects repeated waves of mobility between Siberia, the forest-steppe belt and northeastern Europe.

Geographic distribution

N1 occurs at high frequencies among Yakuts, Evenks, Evens, Finns, Estonians, northern Russians, and several Volga-Ural ethnic groups. Moderate levels are found in Mongolia, northern China and parts of central Siberia.

Ancient DNA

Mesolithic and Neolithic individuals from the forest zone of Russia contain upstream N1 signatures.
Yakut ancient DNA reveals early branching N1b lineages tied to horse-breeding and Bronze Age culture.
Uralic-related archaeological horizons show multiple branches of N1a and N1b.

Phylogeny & subclades

N1 consists of two primary internal branches: N1a and N1b. N1a dominates Europe and western Siberia, while N1b has strong representation among Yakuts and eastern Siberian groups.

Notes & context