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Haplogroup N-L1025

N-L1025 (N1a1 archaic substructure)

Macro-haplogroup

Parent clade

N1a1-L392

Formed (estimate)

c. 12,000–13,000 years before present

TMRCA (estimate)

c. 8,000–9,500 years ago

L1025

Overview

N-L1025 is an upstream sister branch to the well-known N-L392/L1026 lineage within N1a1. It represents an ancient split within the post-glacial populations of Siberia and Northeast Asia. Unlike L392, which gave rise to the dominant Finno-Ugric expansions, L1025 persisted at low frequency, preserving an early snapshot of paternal variation at the root of N1a1.

Geographic distribution

N-L1025 occurs today at extremely low frequency across Siberia, northern China and occasionally among Uralic-speaking groups. Its broad but diffuse distribution reflects a lineage that predates Uralic expansions and may represent relic populations that maintained continuity in the northern forest–tundra ecotones.

Ancient DNA

Ancient N1a1 ancestry is found in Siberian Mesolithic contexts, predating Uralic expansions.
L1025’s formation overlaps with early Holocene climatic shifts and the spread of northern forager cultures.
Downstream diversification is minimal, reflecting a lineage that maintained small effective population sizes.

Phylogeny & subclades

Sits as a sister clade to L392/L1026 under N1a1. Its presence confirms that early N1a1 diversity was higher than suggested by modern distributions dominated by M178-derived lineages.

N-L1025*

Notes & context