A · BT · CT · CF · F · J · J1-M267 · J1-P58 · J1-L147.1 · J1-ZS351

Haplogroup J1-ZS351

Macro-haplogroup
J
Parent clade
J1-L147.1
Formed (estimate)
c. 5,700 to 7,400 years before present
TMRCA (estimate)
c. 2,200 to 3,200 years ago

Overview

J1-ZS351 is a downstream lineage under J1-L147.1, the major structural backbone of the Arabian centered P58 radiation. Its early development took place during the late Neolithic and early Chalcolithic expansions of pastoral groups across the Arabian plateau. Climatic fluctuations, including shifts in aridity, likely influenced the early movements of ZS351 ancestral populations. By the Bronze and Iron Ages, ZS351 bearing groups were part of the emerging tribal confederations of north and central Arabia, interacting with the Levant through trade corridors, pastoral mobility and early political alliances. The clade shows layered microstructure reflecting multiple tribal founder effects. Some of its downstream branches appear to correlate geographically with historically documented Arabian tribal groupings, though the lineage itself is older than recorded genealogical traditions.

Geographic distribution

Highest frequencies in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Jordan; moderate in Iraq, Syria and the Levant; minor presence in Egypt and the Caucasus.

Ancient DNA

  • Levantine Bronze Age samples contain J1-P58 variants overlapping with proto ZS351.
  • Iron Age northern Arabian individuals show structures consistent with early ZS351 diversification.
  • Early Islamic urban burials preserve derived ZS351 clusters.

Phylogeny & subclades

A major J1-L147.1 derivative with robust Arabian-centered diversification and several geographically coherent microbranches.

  • ZS351*
  • Arabian plateau clusters
  • Levantine downstream branches

Notes & context

A lineage central to understanding early Arabian tribal expansions and Iron Age demographic processes across the Syro-Arabian desert.