Overview
J1-ZS1003 is a downstream component of the Arabian-centered J1-L147.1 cluster, originating among early pastoral populations inhabiting the northern Arabian steppe and adjacent desert environments during the late Neolithic to early Bronze Age. These populations engaged in water-source-dependent mobility cycles tied to wells, wadis and seasonal pastures, forming part of the early substrate that contributed to later North Arabian tribal systems. Throughout the Bronze and Iron Ages, ZS1003-bearing groups participated in tribal expansions across the Hejaz, northern Arabia and the southern Levant. The downstream phylogeny shows clear founder effects linked to regionally confined clans, some of which migrated into Mesopotamia and the Gulf region during the early Islamic period. Archaeogenetic signals from the Levant and Arabian frontier mirror ancestral states consistent with this lineage's diversification.