Overview
J1-Y5123 represents a downstream branch of the widespread Arabian-centered J1-P58 expansion and likely originated during the early Bronze Age within pastoralist societies living across the northern Arabian plateau and southern Levant. These communities relied on flexible mobility strategies structured around seasonal grazing cycles, desert wells and oasis-linked resource networks, contributing to early trade and communication routes that connected the Hejaz, Wadi Sirhan and Transjordan. During the Bronze and Iron Ages, Y5123-bearing populations appeared among emerging North Arabian tribal confederations. Its tree structure shows multiple founder effects tied to historically documented clan formations in the Hejaz and northern Arabia. Later historical movements associated with the early Islamic period carried downstream sublineages east into Iraq and the Gulf region, where some lineages experienced further localized expansion.