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G-BY5401
G2a9a is a downstream branch of the G2a9 lineage, emerging among early Bronze Age populations occupying the South Caucasus and the Upper Tigris–Upper Euphrates frontier. The lineage likely reflects male groups engaged in early highland agriculture, localized metallurgy, and the spread of proto-Kura-Araxes cultural traditions. G2a9a shows moderate diversity, implying long-term regional persistence rather than a single recent founder event.
Most frequent in Armenia, northeast Turkey, and northern Iran. Additional low-frequency presences occur in Georgia, Azerbaijan, and northern Iraq. Its modern spread aligns closely with the highland cultural sphere that produced some of the earliest trans-regional pastoral systems of the Bronze Age.
G2a9a, defined by BY5401, constitutes the dominant identifiable branch of G2a9. Its phylogeny includes several microregional subclades primarily in Armenia and eastern Anatolia. It stands within the highland cluster of G2a diversity, parallel to branches such as G2a3a and G2a6a.
G2a9a provides an important paternal marker for reconstructing early Bronze Age highland cultural networks across Armenia, eastern Anatolia, and northwest Iran. Its moderate diversity suggests a stable demographic history that endured through multiple cultural transitions.