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G-PF3170
G2a3a is a significant branch of G2a3, marking a lineage associated with early agricultural societies in the southern Caucasus and eastern Anatolia. It appears to derive from populations that settled in the highland zones bridging the Kura–Araxes region, later contributing to the demographic foundation of the Kura-Araxes cultural horizon. G2a3a demonstrates genetic continuity in regions noted for early metallurgy, transhumant pastoralism, and highland agricultural intensification.
The lineage is most frequent in Armenia, Georgia's southern provinces, eastern Turkey, and western Iran. Lower frequencies are found in Azerbaijan and northern Mesopotamia. Its geographic footprint strongly overlaps with archaeological regions tied to Kura-Araxes expansions and related Bronze Age movements.
G2a3a is defined by PF3170 and forms a primary sub-branch of G2a3. Its internal diversity includes several Caucasus-centered microlineages. The branch stands phylogenetically distinct from the Iranian-centered G2a1 and the Neolithic–European-associated G2a2 expansions, representing a third major axis of early G2a diversity.
G2a3a offers crucial insight into the paternal ancestry of highland Near Eastern populations that played a major role in Bronze Age cultural exchanges. Its concentration in the Caucasus and adjacent regions makes it a key lineage for reconstructing early metallurgical and transhumant societies.