A · A1 · A1b · A1b1 · BT · CT · CF · F · G · G2 · G2a · G2a1 · G2a1d
G-L293 subcluster D
G2a1d is a rare but coherent branch within the L293 radiation, tied primarily to western Iran, northern Iraq and the Zagros foothills. It likely formed among early agro pastoral populations expanding along the highland arc between the Caucasus and central Zagros. Its rarity today may reflect repeated demographic bottlenecks in the region, although several surviving families in western Iran represent shallow but distinct microclades.
Modern representatives cluster in the central Zagros, Luristan, Iranian Kurdistan and the northern Mesopotamian arc. Sporadic cases have been found in Azerbaijan and northeast Syria, consistent with ancient trans Zagros mobility. Its distribution is narrower than other L293 derived branches and appears tied to local lineage persistence rather than major expansions.
Within L293, G2a1d sits as a small offshoot parallel to other minor West Asian microbranches. It defines a shallow tree structure with a narrow trunk and limited downstream diversification. Its sister branches include G2a1c and a set of small, unresolved Iranian clusters.
Including G2a1d in the atlas highlights the internal diversity of L293 and prevents the false impression that G2a1 consists only of two or three well known branches. Although low frequency, it contributes to regional resolution in the Iranian highlands.