A · BT · CT · C · C2 · C2c · C2c1

Haplogroup C2c1

C2c1-Z13079

Macro-haplogroup

Parent clade

C2c

Formed (estimate)

c. 20,000–26,000 years before present

TMRCA (estimate)

c. 8,000–11,000 years ago

Z13079
Z13081
F1389

Overview

C2c1 forms one of the primary branches of the northern C2c lineage and is strongly associated with ancient Arctic coastal populations inhabiting the Bering Sea rim. This clade reflects long-term adaptation to northern marine ecologies and overlaps with regions historically linked to early Beringian dispersals.

Geographic distribution

Most frequent among Chukchi, Koryak and coastal Kamchatka peoples. Lower frequencies occur among Yukaghirs, northern Evenks and populations around the Okhotsk Sea.

Ancient DNA

Beringian Paleolithic remains show paternal signatures ancestral to C2c1.
Okhotsk cultural layer individuals exhibit C2c1 micro-branches.
Some pre-Neolithic Arctic forager genomes align with basal segments of C2c1.

Phylogeny & subclades

C2c1 is defined by Z13079 and Z13081. It contains several micro-branches associated with marine-oriented forager groups.

C2c1a
C2c1b
C2c1*

Notes & context