Overview
C1a1 represents the primary downstream branch of the C1a radiation and is deeply tied to the genetic ancestry of the Jōmon hunter-gatherers of prehistoric Japan. This lineage reflects long-term stability and regional continuity in the Japanese archipelago, surviving in small and isolated Jōmon populations throughout the Upper Paleolithic and Holocene. C1a1’s persistence provides strong genetic evidence for an early and distinct wave of Paleolithic settlement predating the later Yayoi agricultural expansions.
Geographic distribution
Modern instances are rare and mostly limited to Japan, particularly among individuals with higher inferred Jōmon ancestry. Very low frequencies appear in Korea and coastal China, reflecting historic contacts.
Ancient DNA
- Multiple Jōmon individuals from Hokkaido and Honshu carry C1a1 lineages.
- Paleolithic Japanese remains show upstream branches ancestral to C1a1.
- Early Holocene coastal hunter-gatherers in Japan exhibit downstream C1a1 signatures.
Phylogeny & subclades
C1a1 is defined by CTS11043 and Z31890. It contains several micro-branches reflecting local diversification within Jōmon groups.
Notes & context
C1a1 is one of the most important paternal markers for reconstructing the deep pre-agricultural history of Japan.
References & external links